Merged silc_1_0_branch to trunk.

[silc.git] / doc / draft-riikonen-silc-spec-08.nroff

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Network Working Group                                        P. Riikonen
Internet-Draft
draft-riikonen-silc-spec-08.txt                         11 February 2004
Expires: 11 August 2004

.in 3

.ce 3
Secure Internet Live Conferencing (SILC),
Protocol Specification
<draft-riikonen-silc-spec-08.txt>

.ti 0
Status of this Memo

This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026.  Internet-Drafts are
working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its
areas, and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also
distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html

The distribution of this memo is unlimited.


.ti 0
Abstract

This memo describes a Secure Internet Live Conferencing (SILC)
protocol which provides secure conferencing services over insecure
network channel.  SILC provides advanced and feature rich conferencing
services with security as main design principal.  Strong cryptographic
methods are used to protect SILC packets inside the SILC network.
Three other specifications relates very closely to this memo;
SILC Packet Protocol [SILC2], SILC Key Exchange and Authentication
Protocols [SILC3] and SILC Commands [SILC4].






.ti 0
Table of Contents

.nf
1 Introduction ..................................................  3
  1.1 Requirements Terminology ..................................  4
2 SILC Concepts .................................................  4
  2.1 SILC Network Topology .....................................  5
  2.2 Communication Inside a Cell ...............................  6
  2.3 Communication in the Network ..............................  7
  2.4 Channel Communication .....................................  7
  2.5 Router Connections ........................................  8
3 SILC Specification ............................................  9
  3.1 Client ....................................................  9
      3.1.1 Client ID ...........................................  9
  3.2 Server .................................................... 10
      3.2.1 Server's Local ID List .............................. 11
      3.2.2 Server ID ........................................... 12
      3.2.3 SILC Server Ports ................................... 12
  3.3 Router .................................................... 13
      3.3.1 Router's Local ID List .............................. 13
      3.3.2 Router's Global ID List ............................. 14
      3.3.3 Router's Server ID .................................. 14
  3.4 Channels .................................................. 15
      3.4.1 Channel ID .......................................... 16
  3.5 Operators ................................................. 16
  3.6 SILC Commands ............................................. 17
  3.7 SILC Packets .............................................. 17
  3.8 Packet Encryption ......................................... 17
      3.8.1 Determination of the Source and the Destination ..... 18
      3.8.2 Client To Client .................................... 19
      3.8.3 Client To Channel ................................... 20
      3.8.4 Server To Server .................................... 21
  3.9 Key Exchange And Authentication ........................... 21
      3.9.1 Authentication Payload .............................. 21
  3.10 Algorithms ............................................... 23
      3.10.1 Ciphers ............................................ 23
             3.10.1.1 CBC Mode .................................. 24
             3.10.1.2 CTR Mode .................................. 24
             3.10.1.3 Randomized CBC Mode ....................... 26
      3.10.2 Public Key Algorithms .............................. 26
             3.10.2.1 Multi-Precision Integers .................. 27
      3.10.3 Hash Functions ..................................... 27
      3.10.4 MAC Algorithms ..................................... 27
      3.10.5 Compression Algorithms ............................. 28
  3.11 SILC Public Key .......................................... 28
  3.12 SILC Version Detection ................................... 31
  3.13 UTF-8 Strings in SILC .................................... 31
      3.13.1 UTF-8 Identifier Strings ........................... 32
  3.14 Backup Routers ........................................... 33
      3.14.1 Switching to Backup Router ......................... 35
      3.14.2 Resuming Primary Router ............................ 36
4 SILC Procedures ............................................... 38
  4.1 Creating Client Connection ................................ 38
  4.2 Creating Server Connection ................................ 40
      4.2.1 Announcing Clients, Channels and Servers ............ 40
  4.3 Joining to a Channel ...................................... 42
  4.4 Channel Key Generation .................................... 43
  4.5 Private Message Sending and Reception ..................... 44
  4.6 Private Message Key Generation ............................ 44
  4.7 Channel Message Sending and Reception ..................... 45
  4.8 Session Key Regeneration .................................. 46
  4.9 Command Sending and Reception ............................. 46
  4.10 Closing Connection ....................................... 47
  4.11 Detaching and Resuming a Session ......................... 48
5 Security Considerations ....................................... 49
6 References .................................................... 50
7 Author's Address .............................................. 52
Appendix A ...................................................... 52
Appendix B ...................................................... 54
Full Copyright Statement ........................................ 54

.ti 0
List of Figures

.nf
Figure 1:  SILC Network Topology
Figure 2:  Communication Inside cell
Figure 3:  Communication Between Cells
Figure 4:  Router Connections
Figure 5:  SILC Public Key
Figure 6:  Counter Block


.ti 0
1. Introduction

This document describes a Secure Internet Live Conferencing (SILC)
protocol which provides secure conferencing services over insecure
network channel.  SILC can be used as a secure conferencing service
that provides rich conferencing features.  Some of the SILC features
are found in traditional chat protocols such as IRC [IRC] but many
of the SILC features can also be found in Instant Message (IM) style
protocols.  SILC combines features from both of these chat protocol
styles, and can be implemented as either IRC-like system or IM-like
system.  Some of the more advanced and secure features of the
protocol are new to all conferencing protocols.  SILC also supports
multimedia messages and can also be implemented as a video and audio
conferencing system.

Strong cryptographic methods are used to protect SILC packets inside
the SILC network.  Three other specifications relates very closely
to this memo; SILC Packet Protocol [SILC2], SILC Key Exchange and
Authentication Protocols [SILC3] and SILC Commands [SILC4].

The protocol uses extensively packets as conferencing protocol
requires message and command sending.  The SILC Packet Protocol is
described in [SILC2] and should be read to fully comprehend this
document and protocol.  [SILC2] also describes the packet encryption
and decryption in detail.  The SILC Packet Protocol provides secured
and authenticated packets, and the protocol is designed to be compact.
This makes SILC also suitable in environment of low bandwidth
requirements such as mobile networks.  All packet payloads in SILC
can be also compressed.

The security of SILC protocol sessions are based on strong and secure
key exchange protocol.  The SILC Key Exchange protocol is described
in [SILC3] along with connection authentication protocol and should
be read to fully comprehend this document and protocol.

The SILC protocol has been developed to work on TCP/IP network
protocol, although it could be made to work on other network protocols
with only minor changes.  However, it is recommended that TCP/IP
protocol is used under SILC protocol.  Typical implementation would
be made in client-server model.


.ti 0
1.1 Requirements Terminology

The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED,
MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this document, are to be
interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


.ti 0
2. SILC Concepts

This section describes various SILC protocol concepts that forms the
actual protocol, and in the end, the actual SILC network.  The mission
of the protocol is to deliver messages from clients to other clients
through routers and servers in secure manner.  The messages may also
be delivered from one client to many clients forming a group, also
known as a channel.

This section does not focus to security issues.  Instead, basic network
concepts are introduced to make the topology of the SILC network
clear.



.ti 0
2.1 SILC Network Topology

SILC network forms a ring as opposed to tree style network topology that
conferencing protocols usually have.  The network has a cells which are
constructed from a router and zero or more servers.  The servers are
connected to the router in a star like network topology.  Routers in the
network are connected to each other forming a ring.  The rationale for
this is to have servers that can perform specific kind of tasks what
other servers cannot perform.  This leads to two kinds of servers; normal
SILC servers and SILC router servers.

A difference between normal server and router server is that routers
knows all global information and keep the global network state up to date.
They also do the actual routing of the messages to the correct receiver
between other cells.  Normal servers knows only local information and
receive global information only when it is needed.  They do not need to
keep the global network state up to date.  This makes the network faster
and scalable as there are less servers that needs to maintain global
network state.

This, on the other hand, leads into a cellular like network, where
routers are in the center of the cell and servers are connected to the
router.

The following diagram represents SILC network topology.

.in 8
.nf
  ---- ---- ----         ---- ---- ----
 | S8 | S5 | S4 |       | S7 | S5 | S6 |
 ----- ---- -----       ----- ---- -----
| S7 | S/R1 | S2 | --- | S8 | S/R2 | S4 |
 ---- ------ ----       ---- ------ ----
 | S6 | S3 | S1 |       | S1 | S3 | S2 |         ---- ----
  ---- ---- ----         ---- ---- ----         | S3 | S1 |
     Cell 1.   \\             Cell 2.  | \\____  ----- -----
                |                     |        | S4 | S/R4 |
    ---- ---- ----         ---- ---- ----       ---- ------
   | S7 | S4 | S2 |       | S1 | S3 | S2 |      | S2 | S5 |
   ----- ---- -----       ----- ---- -----       ---- ----
  | S6 | S/R3 | S1 | --- | S4 | S/R5 | S5 | ____/ Cell 4.
   ---- ------ ----       ---- ------ ----
   | S8 | S5 | S3 |       | S6 | S7 | S8 |     ... etc ...
    ---- ---- ----         ---- ---- ----
       Cell 3.                Cell 5.
.in 3

.ce
Figure 1:  SILC Network Topology


A cell is formed when a server or servers connect to one router.  In
SILC network normal server cannot directly connect to other normal
server.  Normal server may only connect to SILC router which then
routes the messages to the other servers in the cell.  Router servers
on the other hand may connect to other routers to form the actual SILC
network, as seen in above figure.  However, router is also able to act
as normal SILC server; clients may connect to it the same way as to
normal SILC server.  Normal server also cannot have active connections
to more than one router.  Normal server cannot be connected to two
different cells.  Router servers, on the other hand, may have as many
router to router connections as needed.  Other direct routes between
other routers is also possible in addition of the mandatory ring
connections.  This leads into a hybrid ring-mesh network topology.

There are many issues in this network topology that needs to be careful
about.  Issues like routing, the size of the cells, the number of the
routers in the SILC network and the capacity requirements of the
routers.  These issues should be discussed in the Internet Community
and additional documents on the issue may be written.


.ti 0
2.2 Communication Inside a Cell

It is always guaranteed that inside a cell message is delivered to the
recipient with at most two server hops.  A client which is connected to
server in the cell and is talking on channel to other client connected
to other server in the same cell, will have its messages delivered from
its local server first to the router of the cell, and from the router
to the other server in the cell.

The following diagram represents this scenario:


.in 25
.nf
1 --- S1     S4 --- 5
         S/R
 2 -- S2     S3
     /        |
    4         3
.in 3


.ce
Figure 2:  Communication Inside cell


Example:  Client 1. connected to Server 1. send message to
          Client 4. connected to Server 2. travels from Server 1.
          first to Router which routes the message to Server 2.
          which then sends it to the Client 4.  All the other
          servers in the cell will not see the routed message.


If the client is connected directly to the router, as router is also normal
SILC server, the messages inside the cell are always delivered only with
one server hop.  If clients communicating with each other are connected
to the same server, no router interaction is needed.  This is the optimal
situation of message delivery in the SILC network.


.ti 0
2.3 Communication in the Network

If the message is destined to client that does not belong to local cell
the message is routed to the router server to which the destination
client belongs, if the local router is connected to destination router.
If there is no direct connection to the destination router, the local
router routes the message to its primary route.  The following diagram
represents message sending between cells.



.in 16
.nf
1 --- S1     S4 --- 5            S2 --- 1
         S/R - - - - - - - - S/R
 2 -- S2     S3           S1
     /        |             \\
    4         3              2

   Cell 1.               Cell 2.
.in 3


.ce
Figure 3:  Communication Between Cells


Example:  Client 5. connected to Server 4. in Cell 1. sends message
          to Client 2. connected to Server 1. in Cell 2. travels
          from Server 4. to Router which routes the message to
          Router in Cell 2, which then routes the message to
          Server 1.  All the other servers and routers in the
          network will not see the routed message.


The optimal case of message delivery from the client point of view is
when clients are connected directly to the routers and the messages
are delivered from one router to the other.


.ti 0
2.4 Channel Communication

Messages may be sent to group of clients as well.  Sending messages to
many clients works the same way as sending messages point to point, from
message delivery point of view.  Security issues are another matter
which are not discussed in this section.

Router server handles the message routing to multiple recipients.  If
any recipient is not in the same cell as the sender the messages are
routed further.

Server distributes the channel message to its local clients which are
joined to the channel.  Router also distributes the message to its
local clients on the channel.


.ti 0
2.5 Router Connections

Router connections play very important role in making the SILC like
network topology to work.  For example, sending broadcast packets in
SILC network require special connections between routers; routers must
be connected in a specific way.

Every router has their primary route which is a connection to another
router in the network.  Unless there is only two routers in the network
must not routers use each other as their primary routes.  The router
connections in the network must form a ring.

Example with three routers in the network:


.in 16
.nf
    S/R1 - < - < - < - < - < - < - S/R2
     \\                               /
      v                             ^
       \\ - > -  > - S/R3 - > - > - /
.in 3


.ce
Figure 4:  Router Connections


Example:  Network with three routers.  Router 1. uses Router 2. as its
          primary router.  Router 2. uses Router 3. as its primary router,
          and Router 3. uses Router 1. as its primary router.  There may
          be other direct connections between the routers but they must
          not be used as primary routes.

The above example is applicable to any amount of routers in the network
except for two routers.  If there are only two routers in the network both
routers must be able to handle situation where they use each other as their
primary routes.

The issue of router connections are very important especially with SILC
broadcast packets.  Usually all router wide information in the network is
distributed by SILC broadcast packets.  This sort of ring network, with
ability to have other direct routes in the network can cause interesting
routing problems.  The [SILC2] discusses the routing of packets in this
sort of network in more detail.


.ti 0
3. SILC Specification

This section describes the SILC protocol.  However, [SILC2] and
[SILC3] describes other important protocols that are part of this SILC
specification and must be read.


.ti 0
3.1 Client

A client is a piece of software connecting to SILC server.  SILC client
cannot be SILC server.  Purpose of clients is to provide the user
interface of the SILC services for end user.  Clients are distinguished
from other clients by unique Client ID.  Client ID is a 128 bit ID that
is used in the communication in the SILC network.  The client ID is
based on the user's IP address and nickname.  User use logical nicknames
in communication which are then mapped to the corresponding Client ID.
Client IDs are low level identifications and should not be seen by the
end user.

Clients provide other information about the end user as well. Information
such as the nickname of the user, username and the host name of the end
user and user's real name.  See section 3.2 Server for information of
the requirements of keeping this information.

The nickname selected by the user is not unique in the SILC network.
There can be 2^8 same nicknames for one IP address.  As for comparison to
IRC [IRC] where nicknames are unique this is a fundamental difference
between SILC and IRC.  This typically causes the server names or client's
host names to be used along with the nicknames on user interface to
identify specific users when sending messages.  This feature of SILC
makes IRC style nickname-wars obsolete as no one owns their nickname;
there can always be someone else with the same nickname.  Also, any kind
of nickname registering service becomes obsolete.  See the section 3.13.1
for more information about nicknames.


.ti 0
3.1.1 Client ID

Client ID is used to identify users in the SILC network.  The Client ID
is unique to the extent that there can be 2^128 different Client IDs,
and IDs based on IPv6 addresses extends this to 2^224 different Client
IDs.  Collisions are not expected to happen.  The Client ID is defined
as follows.

.in 6
128 bit Client ID based on IPv4 addresses:

32 bit  Server ID IP address (bits 1-32)
 8 bit  Random number or counter
88 bit  Truncated MD5 hash value of the nickname

224 bit Client ID based on IPv6 addresses:

128 bit  Server ID IP address (bits 1-128)
  8 bit  Random number or counter
 88 bit  Truncated MD5 hash value of the nickname

o Server ID IP address - Indicates the server where this
  client is coming from.  The IP address hence equals the
  server IP address where the client is connected.

o Random number or counter - Random number to further
  randomize the Client ID.  Another choice is to use
  a counter starting from the zero (0).  This makes it
  possible to have 2^8 same nicknames from the same
  server IP address.

o MD5 hash - MD5 hash value of the case folded nickname is
  truncated taking 88 bits from the start of the hash value.
  This hash value is used to search the user's Client ID
  from the ID lists.  Note that the nickname MUST be prepared
  using the stringprep [RFC3454] profile described in the
  Appendix A before computing the MD5 hash.  See also the
  section 3.13.1 for more information.

.in 3
Collisions could occur when more than 2^8 clients using same nickname
from the same server IP address is connected to the SILC network.
Server MUST be able to handle this situation by refusing to accept
anymore of that nickname.

Another possible collision may happen with the truncated hash value of
the nickname.  It could be possible to have same truncated hash value
for two different nicknames.  However, this is not expected to happen
nor cause any serious problems if it would occur.  Nicknames are usually
logical and it is unlikely to have two distinct logical nicknames
produce same truncated hash value.


.ti 0
3.2 Server

Servers are the most important parts of the SILC network.  They form the
basis of the SILC, providing a point to which clients may connect to.
There are two kinds of servers in SILC; normal servers and router servers.
This section focus on the normal server and router server is described
in the section 3.3 Router.

Normal servers MUST NOT directly connect to other normal server.  Normal
servers may only directly connect to router server.  If the message sent
by the client is destined outside the local server it is always sent to
the router server for further routing.  Server may only have one active
connection to router on same port.  Normal server MUST NOT connect to other
cell's router except in situations where its cell's router is unavailable.


.ti 0
3.2.1 Server's Local ID List

Normal server keeps various information about the clients and their end
users connected to it.  Every normal server MUST keep list of all locally
connected clients, Client IDs, nicknames, usernames and host names and
user's real name.  Normal servers only keeps local information and it
does not keep any global information.  Hence, normal servers knows only
about their locally connected clients.  This makes servers efficient as
they do not have to worry about global clients.  Server is also responsible
of creating the Client IDs for their clients.

Normal server also keeps information about locally created channels and
their Channel IDs.

Hence, local list for normal server includes:

.in 6
server list        - Router connection
   o Server name
   o Server IP address
   o Server ID
   o Sending key
   o Receiving key
   o Public key

client list        - All clients in server
   o Nickname
   o Username@host
   o Real name
   o Client ID
   o Sending key
   o Receiving key
   o Public key

channel list       - All channels in server
   o Channel name
   o Channel ID
   o Client IDs on channel
   o Client ID modes on channel
   o Channel key
.in 3


.ti 0
3.2.2 Server ID

Servers are distinguished from other servers by unique 64 bit Server ID
(for IPv4) or 160 bit Server ID (for IPv6).  The Server ID is used in
the SILC to route messages to correct servers.  Server IDs also provide
information for Client IDs, see section 3.1.1 Client ID.  Server ID is
defined as follows.

.in 6
64 bit Server ID based on IPv4 addresses:

32 bit  IP address of the server
16 bit  Port
16 bit  Random number

160 bit Server ID based on IPv6 addresses:

128 bit  IP address of the server
 16 bit  Port
 16 bit  Random number

o IP address of the server - This is the real IP address of
  the server.

o Port - This is the port the server is bound to.

o Random number - This is used to further randomize the Server ID.

.in 3
Collisions are not expected to happen in any conditions.  The Server ID
is always created by the server itself and server is responsible of
distributing it to the router.


.ti 0
3.2.3 SILC Server Ports

The following ports has been assigned by IANA for the SILC protocol:

.in 10
silc            706/tcp    SILC
silc            706/udp    SILC
.in 3


If there are needs to create new SILC networks in the future the port
numbers must be officially assigned by the IANA.

Server on network above privileged ports (>1023) SHOULD NOT be trusted
as they could have been set up by untrusted party.


.ti 0
3.3 Router

Router server in SILC network is responsible for keeping the cell together
and routing messages to other servers and to other routers.  Router server
is also a normal server thus clients may connect to it as it would be
just normal SILC server.

However, router servers has a lot of important tasks that normal servers
do not have.  Router server knows everything and keeps the global state.
They know all clients currently on SILC, all servers and routers and all
channels in SILC.  Routers are the only servers in SILC that care about
global information and keeping them up to date at all time.


.ti 0
3.3.1 Router's Local ID List

Router server as well MUST keep local list of connected clients and
locally created channels.  However, this list is extended to include all
the informations of the entire cell, not just the server itself as for
normal servers.

However, on router this list is a lot smaller since routers do not need
to keep information about user's nickname, username and host name and real
name since these are not needed by the router.  The router keeps only
information that it needs.

Hence, local list for router includes:

.in 6
server list        - All servers in the cell
   o Server name
   o Server ID
   o Router's Server ID
   o Sending key
   o Receiving key

client list        - All clients in the cell
   o Client ID

channel list       - All channels in the cell
   o Channel ID
   o Client IDs on channel
   o Client ID modes on channel
   o Channel key
.in 3


Note that locally connected clients and other information include all the
same information as defined in section section 3.2.1 Server's Local ID
List.  Router MAY also cache same detailed information for other clients
if needed.


.ti 0
3.3.2 Router's Global ID List

Router server MUST also keep global list.  Normal servers do not have
global list as they know only about local information.  Global list
includes all the clients on SILC, their Client IDs, all created channels
and their Channel IDs and all servers and routers on SILC and their
Server IDs.  That is said, global list is for global information and the
list must not include the local information already on the router's local
list.

Note that the global list does not include information like nicknames,
usernames and host names or user's real names.  Router does not need to
keep these informations as they are not needed by the router.  This
information is available from the client's server which maybe queried
when needed.

Hence, global list includes:

.in 6
server list        - All servers in SILC
   o Server name
   o Server ID
   o Router's Server ID

client list        - All clients in SILC
   o Client ID

channel list       - All channels in SILC
   o Channel ID
   o Client IDs on channel
   o Client ID modes on channel
.in 3



.ti 0
3.3.3 Router's Server ID

Router's Server ID is equivalent to normal Server ID.  As routers are
normal servers same types of IDs applies for routers as well.  See
section 3.2.2 Server ID.




.ti 0
3.4 Channels

A channel is a named group of one or more clients which will all receive
messages addressed to that channel.  The channel is created when first
client requests JOIN command to the channel, and the channel ceases to
exist when the last client has left it.  When channel exists, any client
can reference it using the Channel ID of the channel.  If the channel has
a founder mode set and last client leaves the channel the channel does
not cease to exist.  The founder mode can be used to make permanent
channels in the network.  The founder of the channel can regain the
channel founder privileges on the channel later when he joins the
channel.

Channel names are unique although the real uniqueness comes from 64 bit
Channel ID.  However, channel names are still unique and no two global
channels with same name may exist.  See the section 3.13.1 for more
information about channel names.

Channels can have operators that can administrate the channel and operate
all of its modes.  The following operators on channel exist on the
SILC network.

.in 6
o Channel founder - When channel is created the joining client becomes
  channel founder.  Channel founder is channel operator with some more
  privileges.  Basically, channel founder can fully operate the channel
  and all of its modes.  The privileges are limited only to the
  particular channel.  There can be only one channel founder per
  channel.  Channel founder supersedes channel operator's privileges.

  Channel founder privileges cannot be removed by any other operator on
  channel.  When channel founder leaves the channel there is no channel
  founder on the channel.  However, it is possible to set a mode for
  the channel which allows the original channel founder to regain the
  founder privileges even after leaving the channel.  Channel founder
  also cannot be removed by force from the channel.

o Channel operator - When client joins to channel that has not existed
  previously it will become automatically channel operator (and channel
  founder discussed above).  Channel operator is able to administrate the
  channel, set some modes on channel, remove a badly behaving client
  from the channel and promote other clients to become channel
  operator.  The privileges are limited only to the particular channel.

  Normal channel user may be promoted (opped) to channel operator
  gaining channel operator privileges.  Channel founder or other
  channel operator may also demote (deop) channel operator to normal
  channel user.
.in 3




.ti 0
3.4.1 Channel ID

Channels are distinguished from other channels by unique Channel ID.
The Channel ID is a 64 bit ID (for IPv4) or 160 bit ID (for IPv6), and
collisions are not expected to happen in any conditions.  Channel names
are just for logical use of channels.  The Channel ID is created by the
server where the channel is created.  The Channel ID is defined as
follows.

.in 6
64 bit Channel ID based on IPv4 addresses:

32 bit  Router's Server ID IP address (bits 1-32)
16 bit  Router's Server ID port (bits 33-48)
16 bit  Random number or counter

160 bit Channel ID based on IPv6 addresses:

128 bit  Router's Server ID IP address (bits 1-128)
 16 bit  Router's Server ID port (bits 129-144)
 16 bit  Random number or counter

o Router's Server ID IP address - Indicates the IP address of
  the router of the cell where this channel is created.  This is
  taken from the router's Server ID.  This way SILC router knows
  where this channel resides in the SILC network.

o Router's Server ID port - Indicates the port of the channel on
  the server.  This is taken from the router's Server ID.

o Random number or counter - To further randomize the Channel ID.
  Another choice is to use a counter starting from zero (0).
  This makes sure that there are no collisions.  This also means
  that in a cell there can be 2^16 different channels.
.in 3


.ti 0
3.5 Operators

Operators are normal users with extra privileges to their server or
router.  Usually these people are SILC server and router administrators
that take care of their own server and clients on them.  The purpose of
operators is to administrate the SILC server or router.  However, even
an operator with highest privileges is not able to enter invite-only
channels, to gain access to the contents of encrypted and authenticated
packets traveling in the SILC network or to gain channel operator
privileges on public channels without being promoted.  They have the
same privileges as any normal user except they are able to administrate
their server or router.


.ti 0
3.6 SILC Commands

Commands are very important part on SILC network especially for client
which uses commands to operate on the SILC network.  Commands are used
to set nickname, join to channel, change modes and many other things.

Client usually sends the commands and server replies by sending a reply
packet to the command.  Server MAY also send commands usually to serve
the original client's request.  Usually server cannot send commands to
clients, however there MAY be commands that allow the server to send
commands to client.  By default servers MAY send commands only to other
servers and routers.

Note that the command reply is usually sent only after client has sent
the command request but server is allowed to send command reply packet
to client even if client has not requested the command.  Client MAY
choose to ignore the command reply.

It is expected that some of the commands may be misused by clients
resulting various problems on the server side.  Every implementation
SHOULD assure that commands may not be executed more than once, say,
in two (2) seconds.  However, to keep response rate up, allowing for
example five (5) commands before limiting is allowed.  It is RECOMMENDED
that commands such as SILC_COMMAND_NICK, SILC_COMMAND_JOIN,
SILC_COMMAND_LEAVE and SILC_COMMAND_KILL SHOULD be limited in all cases
as they require heavy operations.  This should be sufficient to prevent
the misuse of commands.

SILC commands are described in [SILC4].


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3.7 SILC Packets

Packets are naturally the most important part of the protocol and the
packets are what actually makes the protocol.  Packets in SILC network
are always encrypted using, usually the shared secret session key
or some other key, for example, channel key, when encrypting channel
messages.  It is not possible to send a packet in SILC network without
encryption.  The SILC Packet Protocol is a wide protocol and is described
in [SILC2].  This document does not define or describe details of
SILC packets.


.ti 0
3.8 Packet Encryption

All packets passed in SILC network MUST be encrypted.  This section
gives generic description of how packets must be encrypted in the SILC
network.  The detailed description of the actual encryption process
of the packets are described in [SILC2].

Client and its server shares secret symmetric session key which is
established by the SILC Key Exchange Protocol, described in [SILC3].
Every packet sent from client to server, with exception of packets for
channels, are encrypted with this session key.

Channels have a channel key that are shared by every client on the channel.
However, the channel keys are cell specific thus one cell does not know
the channel key of the other cell, even if that key is for same channel.
Channel key is also known by the routers and all servers that have clients
on the channel.  However, channels MAY have channel private keys that are
entirely local setting for the client.  All clients on the channel MUST
know the channel private key beforehand to be able to talk on the
channel.  In this case, no server or router knows the key for the channel.

Server shares secret symmetric session key with router which is
established by the SILC Key Exchange Protocol.  Every packet passed from
server to router, with exception of packets for channels, are encrypted
with the shared session key.  Same way, router server shares secret
symmetric key with its primary router.  However, every packet passed
from router to other router, including packets for channels, are
encrypted with the shared session key.  Every router connection MUST
have their own session keys.


.ti 0
3.8.1 Determination of the Source and the Destination

The source and the destination of the packet needs to be determined
to be able to route the packets to correct receiver.  This information
is available in the SILC Packet Header which is included in all packets
sent in SILC network.  The SILC Packet Header is described in [SILC2].

The header MUST be encrypted with the session key of whom is the next
receiver of the packet along the route.  The receiver of the packet, for
example a router along the route, is able to determine the sender and the
destination of the packet by decrypting the SILC Packet Header and
checking the IDs attached to the header.  The IDs in the header will
tell to where the packet needs to be sent and where it is coming from.

The header in the packet MUST NOT change during the routing of the
packet.  The original sender, for example client, assembles the packet
and the packet header and server or router between the sender and the
receiver MUST NOT change the packet header.  Note however, that some
packets such as commands may be resent by a server to serve the client's
original command.  In this case the command packet sent by the server
includes the server's IDs as it is a different packet.  When server
or router receives a packet it MUST verify that the Source ID is
valid and correct ID for that sender.

Note that the packet and the packet header may be encrypted with
different keys.  For example, packets to channels are encrypted with
the channel key, however, the header is encrypted with the session key
as described above.  However, the header and the packet may be encrypted
with same key.  This is the case, for example, with command packets.


.ti 0
3.8.2 Client To Client

The process of message delivery and encryption from client to another
client is as follows.

Example:  Private message from client to another client on different
          servers.  Clients do not share private message delivery
          keys; normal session keys are used.

o Client 1 sends encrypted packet to its server.  The packet is
  encrypted with the session key shared between client and its
  server.

o Server determines the destination of the packet and decrypts
  the packet.  Server encrypts the packet with session key shared
  between the server and its router, and sends the packet to the
  router.

o Router determines the destination of the packet and decrypts
  the packet.  Router encrypts the packet with session key
  shared between the router and the destination server, and sends
  the packet to the server.

o Server determines the client to which the packet is destined
  to and decrypts the packet.  Server encrypts the packet with
  session key shared between the server and the destination client,
  and sends the packet to the client.

o Client 2 decrypts the packet.


Example:  Private message from client to another client on different
          servers.  Clients have established a secret shared private
          message delivery key with each other and that is used in
          the message encryption.

o Client 1 sends encrypted packet to its server.  The packet header
  is encrypted with the session key shared between the client and
  server, and the private message is encrypted with the private
  message delivery key shared between clients.

o Server determines the destination of the packet and sends the
  packet to the router.  Header is encrypted with the session key.

o Router determines the destination of the packet and sends the
  packet to the server.  Header is encrypted with the session key.

o Server determines the client to which the packet is destined
  to and sends the packet to the client.  Header is encrypted with
  the session key.

o Client 2 decrypts the packet with the secret shared key.

If clients share secret key with each other the private message
delivery is much simpler since servers and routers between the
clients do not need to decrypt and re-encrypt the entire packet.
The packet header however is always encrypted with session key and
is decrypted and re-encrypted with the session key of next recipient.

The process for clients on same server is much simpler as there is
no need to send the packet to the router.  The process for clients
on different cells is same as above except that the packet is routed
outside the cell.  The router of the destination cell routes the
packet to the destination same way as described above.


.ti 0
3.8.3 Client To Channel

Process of message delivery from client on channel to all the clients
on the channel.

Example:  Channel of four users; two on same server, other two on
          different cells.  Client sends message to the channel.
          Packet header is encrypted with the session key, message
          data is encrypted with channel key.

o Client 1 encrypts the packet with channel key and sends the
  packet to its server.

o Server determines local clients on the channel and sends the
  packet to the Client on the same server.  Server then sends
  the packet to its router for further routing.

o Router determines local clients on the channel, if found
  sends packet to the local clients.  Router determines global
  clients on the channel and sends the packet to its primary
  router or fastest route.

o (Other router(s) do the same thing and sends the packet to
   the server(s).)

o Server determines local clients on the channel and sends the
  packet to the client.

o All clients receiving the packet decrypts it.


.ti 0
3.8.4 Server To Server

Server to server packet delivery and encryption is described in above
examples. Router to router packet delivery is analogous to server to
server.  However, some packets, such as channel packets, are processed
differently.  These cases are described later in this document and
more in detail in [SILC2].


.ti 0
3.9 Key Exchange And Authentication

Key exchange is done always when for example client connects to server
but also when server and router, and router and another router connect
to each other.  The purpose of key exchange protocol is to provide secure
key material to be used in the communication.  The key material is used
to derive various security parameters used to secure SILC packets.  The
SILC Key Exchange protocol is described in detail in [SILC3].

Authentication is done after key exchange protocol has been successfully
completed.  The purpose of authentication is to authenticate for example
client connecting to the server.  However, clients MAY be accepted
to connect to server without explicit authentication.  Servers are
REQUIRED to use authentication protocol when connecting.  The
authentication may be based on passphrase (pre-shared secret) or public
key based on digital signatures.  All passphrases sent in SILC protocol
MUST be UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded. The connection authentication protocol
is described in detail in [SILC3].


.ti 0
3.9.1 Authentication Payload

Authentication Payload is used separately from the SKE and the Connection
Authentication protocols.  It can be used during the session to
authenticate with a remote.  For example, a client can authenticate
itself to a server to become server operator.  In this case,
Authentication Payload is used.

The format of the Authentication Payload is as follows:

.in 5
.nf
                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|        Payload Length         |     Authentication Method     |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      Public Data Length       |                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
|                                                               |
~                           Public Data                         ~
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|   Authentication Data Length  |                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
|                                                               |
~                       Authentication Data                     ~
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.in 3

.ce
Figure 5:  Authentication Payload


.in 6
o Payload Length (2 bytes) - Length of the entire payload.

o Authentication Method (2 bytes) - The method of the
  authentication.  The authentication methods are defined
  in [SILC2] in the Connection Auth Request Payload.  The NONE
  authentication method SHOULD NOT be used.

o Public Data Length (2 bytes) - Indicates the length of
  the Public Data field.

o Public Data (variable length) - This is defined only if
  the authentication method is public key.  If it is any other
  this field MAY include random data for padding purposes.
  However, in this case the field MUST be ignored by the
  receiver.

  When the authentication method is public key this includes
  128 to 4096 bytes of non-zero random data that is used in
  the signature process, described subsequently.

o Authentication Data Length (2 bytes) - Indicates the
  length of the Authentication Data field.  If zero (0)
  value is found in this field the payload MUST be
  discarded.

o Authentication Data (variable length) - Authentication
  method dependent authentication data.
.in 3


If the authentication method is passphrase-based, the Authentication
Data field includes the plaintext UTF-8 encoded passphrase.  It is safe
to send plaintext passphrase since the entire payload is encrypted.  In
this case the Public Data Length is set to zero (0), but MAY also include
random data for padding purposes.  It is also RECOMMENDED that maximum
amount of padding is applied to SILC packet when using passphrase-based
authentication.  This way it is not possible to approximate the length
of the passphrase from the encrypted packet.

If the authentication method is public key based (or certificate)
the Authentication Data is computed as follows:

  HASH = hash(random bytes | ID | public key (or certificate));
  Authentication Data = sign(HASH);

The hash() and the sign() are the hash function and the public key
cryptography function selected in the SKE protocol, unless otherwise
stated in the context where this payload is used.  The public key
is SILC style public key unless certificates are used.  The ID is the
entity's ID (Client or Server ID) which is authenticating itself.  The
ID encoding is described in [SILC2].  The random bytes are non-zero
random bytes of length between 128 and 4096 bytes, and will be included
into the Public Data field as is.

The receiver will compute the signature using the random data received
in the payload, the ID associated to the connection and the public key
(or certificate) received in the SKE protocol.  After computing the
receiver MUST verify the signature.  Also in case of public key
authentication this payload is encrypted.


.ti 0
3.10 Algorithms

This section defines all the allowed algorithms that can be used in
the SILC protocol.  This includes mandatory cipher, mandatory public
key algorithm and MAC algorithms.


.ti 0
3.10.1 Ciphers

Cipher is the encryption algorithm that is used to protect the data
in the SILC packets.  See [SILC2] for the actual encryption process and
definition of how it must be done.  SILC has a mandatory algorithm that
must be supported in order to be compliant with this protocol.

The following ciphers are defined in SILC protocol:

aes-256-cbc          AES in CBC mode, 256 bit key            (REQUIRED)
aes-256-ctr          AES in CTR mode, 256 bit key            (RECOMMENDED)
aes-256-rcbc         AES in randomized CBC mode, 256 bit key (OPTIONAL)
aes-192-<mode>       AES in <mode> mode, 192 bit key         (OPTIONAL)
aes-128-<mode>       AES in <mode> mode, 128 bit key         (RECOMMENDED)
twofish-256-<mode>   Twofish in <mode> mode, 256 bit key     (OPTIONAL)
twofish-192-<mode>   Twofish in <mode> mode, 192 bit key     (OPTIONAL)
twofish-128-<mode>   Twofish in <mode> mode, 128 bit key     (OPTIONAL)
cast-256-<mode>      CAST-256 in <mode> mode, 256 bit key    (OPTIONAL)
cast-192-<mode>      CAST-256 in <mode> mode, 192 bit key    (OPTIONAL)
cast-128-<mode>      CAST-256 in <mode> mode, 128 bit key    (OPTIONAL)
serpent-<len>-<mode> Serpent in <mode> mode, <len> bit key   (OPTIONAL)
rc6-<len>-<mode>     RC6 in <mode> mode, <len> bit key       (OPTIONAL)
mars-<len>-<mode>    MARS in <mode> mode, <len> bit key      (OPTIONAL)
none                 No encryption                           (OPTIONAL)

The <mode> is either "cbc", "ctr" or "rcbc".  Other encryption modes MAY
be defined to be used in SILC using the same name format.  The <len> is
either 256, 192 or 128 bit key length.  Also, additional ciphers MAY be
defined to be used in SILC by using the same name format as above.

Algorithm "none" does not perform any encryption process at all and
thus is not recommended to be used.  It is recommended that no client
or server implementation would accept none algorithm except in special
debugging mode.


.ti 0
3.10.1.1 CBC Mode

The "cbc" encryption mode is CBC mode with inter-packet chaining.  This
means that the Initialization Vector (IV) for the next encryption block
is the previous ciphertext block.  The very first IV MUST be random and
is generated as described in [SILC3].


.ti 0
3.10.1.2 CTR Mode

The "ctr" encryption mode is Counter Mode (CTR).  The CTR mode in SILC is
stateful in encryption and decryption.  Both sender and receiver maintain
the counter for the CTR mode and thus can precompute the key stream for
encryption and decryption.  By default, CTR mode does not require
plaintext padding, however implementations MAY apply padding to the
packets.  If the last key block is larger than the last plaintext block
the resulted value is truncated to the size of the plaintext block and
the most significant bits are used.  When sending authentication data
inside packets the maximum amount of padding SHOULD be applied with
CTR mode as well.

In CTR mode only the encryption operation of the cipher is used.  The
decryption operation is not needed since both encryption and decryption
process is simple XOR with the plaintext block and the key stream block.

The counter block is used to create the key for the CTR mode.  When
SILC specifications refer to Initialization Vector (IV) in general cases,
in case of CTR mode it refers to the counter block.  The format of the
128 bit counter block is as follows:

.in 5
.nf
                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                   Truncated HASH from SKE                     |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                Sending/Receiving IV from SKE                  |
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                        Block Counter                          |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.in 3

.ce
Figure 6:  Counter Block

.in 6
o Truncated HASH from SKE (4 bytes) - This value is the first 4
  bytes from the HASH value that was computed as a result of SKE
  protocol.  This acts as session identifier and each rekey MUST
  produce a new HASH value.

o Sending/Receiving IV from SKE (8 bytes) - This value is the
  first 8 bytes from the Sending IV or Receiving IV generated in
  the SKE protocol.  When this mode is used to encrypt sending
  traffic the Sending IV is used, when used to decrypt receiving
  traffic the Receiving IV is used.  This assures that two parties
  of the protocol use different IV for sending traffic.  Each rekey
  MUST produce a new value.

o Block Counter (4 bytes) - This is the counter value for the
  counter block and is MSB ordered number starting from one (1)
  value for first block and incrementing for subsequent blocks.
  The same value MUST NOT be used twice.  The rekey MUST be
  performed before this counter value wraps.
.in 3

CTR mode MUST NOT be used with "none" MAC.  Implementations also MUST
assure that the same counter block is not used to encrypt more than
one block.  Also, the key material used with CTR mode MUST be fresh
key material.  Static keys (pre-shared keys) MUST NOT be used with
CTR mode.  For this reason using CTR mode to encrypt for example
channel messages or private messages with a pre-shared key is
inappropriate.  For private messages, the Key Agreement could be
performed to produce fresh key material.

If the IV Included flag was negotiated in SKE, or CTR mode is used to
protect channel messages where the counter block will be included in the
Message Payload, implementations SHOULD still use the same counter block
format as defined above.  However, implementations are RECOMMENDED to
replace the Truncated HASH field with a 32 bit random value for each IV
(counter block) per encrypted SILC packet.  Also note, that in this case
the decryption process is not stateful and receiver cannot precompute the
key stream.


.ti 0
3.10.1.3 Randomized CBC Mode

The "rcbc" encryption mode is CBC mode with randomized IV.  This means
that each IV for each packet MUST be chosen randomly.  When encrypting
more than one block the normal inter-packet chaining is used, but for
the first block new random IV is selected in each packet.  In this mode
the IV is appended at the end of the last ciphertext block and thus
delivered to the recipient.  This mode increases the ciphertext size by
one ciphertext block.  Note also that some data payloads in SILC are
capable of delivering the IV to the recipient.  When explicitly
encrypting these payloads with randomized CBC the IV MUST NOT be appended
at the end of the ciphertext, but is placed at the specified location
in the payload.  However, Message Payload for example has the IV at
the location which is equivalent to placing it after the last ciphertext
block.  When using CBC mode with such payloads it is actually equivalent
to using randomized CBC since the IV is selected in random and included
in the ciphertext.


.ti 0
3.10.2 Public Key Algorithms

Public keys are used in SILC to authenticate entities in SILC network
and to perform other tasks related to public key cryptography.  The
public keys are also used in the SILC Key Exchange protocol [SILC3].

The following public key algorithms are defined in SILC protocol:

.in 6
rsa        RSA  (REQUIRED)
dss        DSS  (OPTIONAL)
.in 3

DSS is described in [Menezes].  The RSA MUST be implemented according
PKCS #1 [PKCS1].  The mandatory PKCS #1 implementation in SILC MUST be
compliant to either PKCS #1 version 1.5 or newer with the following
notes: The signature encoding is always in same format as the encryption
encoding regardless of the PKCS #1 version.  The signature with appendix
(with hash algorithm OID in the data) MUST NOT be used in the SILC.  The
rationale for this is that there is no binding between the PKCS #1 OIDs
and the hash algorithms used in the SILC protocol.  Hence, the encoding
is always in PKCS #1 version 1.5 format.

Additional public key algorithms MAY be defined to be used in SILC.

When signatures are computed in SILC the computing of the signature is
represented as sign().  The signature computing procedure is dependent
of the public key algorithm, and the public key or certificate encoding.
When using SILC public key the signature is computed as described in
previous paragraph for RSA and DSS keys.  If the hash function is not
specified separately for signing process SHA-1 MUST be used.  When using
SSH2 public keys the signature is computed as described in [SSH-TRANS].
When using X.509 version 3 certificates the signature is computed as
described in [PKCS7].  When using OpenPGP certificates the signature is
computed as described in [PGP].


.ti 0
3.10.2.1 Multi-Precision Integers

Multi-Precision (MP) integers in SILC are encoded and decoded as defined
in PKCS #1 [PKCS1].  MP integers are unsigned, encoded with desired octet
length.  This means that if the octet length is more than the actual
length of the integer one or more leading zero octets will appear at the
start of the encoding.  The actual length of the integer is the bit size
of the integer not counting any leading zero bits.


.ti 0
3.10.3 Hash Functions

Hash functions are used as part of MAC algorithms defined in the next
section.  They are also used in the SILC Key Exchange protocol defined
in the [SILC3].

The following Hash algorithm are defined in SILC protocol:

.in 6
sha1             SHA-1, length = 20      (REQUIRED)
md5              MD5, length = 16        (RECOMMENDED)
.in 3


.ti 0
3.10.4 MAC Algorithms

Data integrity is protected by computing a message authentication code
(MAC) of the packet data.  See [SILC2] for details how to compute the
MAC for a packet.

The following MAC algorithms are defined in SILC protocol:

.in 6
hmac-sha1-96     HMAC-SHA1, length = 12 bytes  (REQUIRED)
hmac-md5-96      HMAC-MD5, length = 12 bytes   (OPTIONAL)
hmac-sha1        HMAC-SHA1, length = 20 bytes  (OPTIONAL)
hmac-md5         HMAC-MD5, length = 16 bytes   (OPTIONAL)
none             No MAC                        (OPTIONAL)
.in 3

The "none" MAC is not recommended to be used as the packet is not
authenticated when MAC is not computed.  It is recommended that no
client or server would accept none MAC except in special debugging
mode.

The HMAC algorithm is described in [HMAC].  The hash algorithms used
in HMACs, the SHA-1 is described in [RFC3174] and MD5 is described
in [RFC1321].

Additional MAC algorithms MAY be defined to be used in SILC.


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3.10.5 Compression Algorithms

SILC protocol supports compression that may be applied to unencrypted
data.  It is recommended to use compression on slow links as it may
significantly speed up the data transmission.  By default, SILC does not
use compression which is the mode that must be supported by all SILC
implementations.

The following compression algorithms are defined:

.in 6
none        No compression               (REQUIRED)
zlib        GNU ZLIB (LZ77) compression  (OPTIONAL)
.in 3

Additional compression algorithms MAY be defined to be used in SILC.


.ti 0
3.11 SILC Public Key

This section defines the type and format of the SILC public key.  All
implementations MUST support this public key type.  See [SILC3] for
other optional public key and certificate types allowed in the SILC
protocol.  Public keys in SILC may be used to authenticate entities
and to perform other tasks related to public key cryptography.

The format of the SILC Public Key is as follows:








.in 5
.nf
                     1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                        Public Key Length                      |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     Algorithm Name Length     |                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
|                                                               |
~                         Algorithm Name                        ~
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|       Identifier Length       |                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
|                                                               |
~                           Identifier                          ~
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                                                               |
~                           Public Data                         ~
|                                                               |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
.in 3

.ce
Figure 5:  SILC Public Key


.in 6
o Public Key Length (4 bytes) - Indicates the full length
  of the SILC Public Key, not including this field.

o Algorithm Name Length (2 bytes) - Indicates the length
  of the Algorithm Length field, not including this field.

o Algorithm name (variable length) - Indicates the name
  of the public key algorithm that the key is.  See the
  section 3.10.2 Public Key Algorithms for defined names.

o Identifier Length (2 bytes) - Indicates the length of
  the Identifier field, not including this field.

o Identifier (variable length) - Indicates the identifier
  of the public key.  This data can be used to identify
  the owner of the key.  The identifier is of the following
  format:

     UN   User name
     HN   Host name or IP address
     RN   Real name
     E    EMail address
     O    Organization
     C    Country


  Examples of an identifier:

    `UN=priikone, HN=poseidon.pspt.fi, E=priikone@poseidon.pspt.fi'

    `UN=sam, HN=dummy.fi, RN=Sammy Sam, O=Company XYZ, C=Finland'

  At least user name (UN) and host name (HN) MUST be provided as
  identifier.  The fields are separated by commas (`,').  If
  comma is in the identifier string it must be escaped as `\\,',
  for example, `O=Company XYZ\\, Inc.'.  Other characters that
  require escaping are listed in [RFC2253] and are to be escaped
  as defined therein.

o Public Data (variable length) - Includes the actual
  public data of the public key.

  The format of this field for RSA algorithm is
  as follows:

     4 bytes            Length of e
     variable length    e
     4 bytes            Length of n
     variable length    n


  The format of this field for DSS algorithm is
  as follows:

     4 bytes            Length of p
     variable length    p
     4 bytes            Length of q
     variable length    q
     4 bytes            Length of g
     variable length    g
     4 bytes            Length of y
     variable length    y

  The variable length fields are multiple precession
  integers encoded as strings in both examples.

  Other algorithms must define their own type of this
  field if they are used.
.in 3

All fields in the public key are in MSB (most significant byte first)
order.  All strings in the public key MUST be UTF-8 encoded.

If an external protocol needs to refer to SILC Public Key by name, the
names "silc-rsa" and "silc-dss" for SILC Public Key based on RSA algorithm
and SILC Public Key based on DSS algorithm, respectively, are to be used.
However, this SILC specification does not use these names directly, and
they are defined here for external protocols (protocols that may like
to use SILC Public Key).


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3.12 SILC Version Detection

The version detection of both client and server is performed at the
connection phase while executing the SILC Key Exchange protocol.  The
version identifier is exchanged between initiator and responder.  The
version identifier is of the following format:

.in 6
SILC-<protocol version>-<software version>
.in 3

The version strings are of the following format:

.in 6
protocol version = <major>.<minor>
software version = <major>[.<minor>[.<build or vendor string>]]
.in 3

Protocol version MUST provide both major and minor version.  Currently
implementations MUST set the protocol version and accept at least the
protocol version as SILC-1.2-<software version>.  If new protocol version
causes incompatibilities with older version the <minor> version number
MUST be incremented.  The <major> is incremented if new protocol version
is fully incompatible.

Software version MAY provide major, minor and build (vendor) version.
The software version MAY be freely set and accepted.  The version string
MUST consist of printable US-ASCII characters.

Thus, the version strings could be, for example:

.in 6
SILC-1.1-2.0.2
SILC-1.0-1.2
SILC-1.2-1.0.VendorXYZ
SILC-1.2-2.4.5 Vendor Limited
.in 3


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3.13 UTF-8 Strings in SILC

By default all strings that are sent in SILC protocol MUST be UTF-8
[RFC3269] encoded, unless otherwise defined.  This means that any string
sent inside for example, command, command reply, notify or any packet
payload is UTF-8 encoded.  Also nicknames, channel names, server names,
and hostnames are UTF-8 encoded.  This definition does not affect
messages sent in SILC, as the Message Payload provides its own mechanism
to indicate whether a message is UTF-8 text message, data message, which
may use its own character encoding, or pure binary message [SILC2].

Certain limitations are imposed on the UTF-8 encoded strings in SILC.
The UTF-8 encoded strings MUST NOT include any characters that are
marked in the Unicode standard as control codes, noncharacters,
reserved or private range characters, or any other illegal Unicode
characters.  Also the BOM (Byte-Order Mark) MUST NOT be used as byte
order signature in UTF-8 encoded strings.  A string containing these
characters MUST be treated as malformed UTF-8 encoding.

The Unicode standard defines that malformed sequences shall be signalled
by replacing the sequence with a replacement character.  Even though,
in case of SILC these strings may not be malformed UTF-8 encodings
they MUST be treated as malformed strings.  Implementation MAY use
a replacement character, however, the character Unicode standard defines
MUST NOT be used, but another character must be chosen.  It is, however,
RECOMMENDED that an error is returned instead of using replacement
character if it is possible.  For example, when setting a nickname
with SILC_COMMAND_NICK command, implementation is able to send error
indication back to the command sender.  It must be noted that on server
implementation if a character sequence is merely outside of current
character subset, but is otherwise valid character, it MUST NOT be
replaced by a replacement character.

On user interface where UTF-8 strings are displayed the implementation
is RECOMMENDED to escape any character that it is unable to render
properly.  The escaping may be done for example as described in
[RFC2253].  The escaping makes it possible to retrieve the original
UTF-8 encoding.  Alternatively, a replacement character may be used
if it does not cause practical problems to the implementation.


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3.13.1 UTF-8 Identifier Strings

Identifier strings are special strings in SILC protocol that require
more careful processing, than the general UTF-8 strings described in the
previous section.  These strings include the nicknames, channel names,
server names, hostnames and some other identifier strings.  These strings
are prepared using the stringprep [RFC3454] standard.  The Appendix A
defines the stringprep profile for SILC identifier strings and conforming
implementation MUST use the profile to prepare any identifier string.

The stringprep profile describes how identifier strings are prepared,
what characters they may include, and which characters are prohibited.
Identifier strings with prohibited characters MUST be treated as
malformed strings.

Because of the profile the identifier strings in SILC may generally
include only letters, numbers, most punctuation characters, and some
other characters.  For practical reasons most symbol characters and
many other special characters are prohibited.  All identifier strings
are case folded and comparing the identifier strings MUST be done as
caseless matching.  Also, identifier strings may not include any
commas (','), '@', '!' or any wildcard characters, as defined in the
stringprep profile in Appendix A.

In general, the identifier strings does not have a maximum length.
However, the length of a nickname string MUST NOT exceed 128 bytes, and
the length of a channel name string MUST NOT exceed 256 bytes.  Since
these strings are UTF-8 encoded the length of one character may be
longer than one byte.  This means that the character length of these
strings may be shorter than the maximum length of the string in bytes.
The minimum length of an identifier string MUST be at least one character,
which may be one byte or more in length.  Implementation MAY limit the
maximum length of an identifier string, with exception of the nickname
and channel name strings which has the explicit length definition.


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3.14 Backup Routers

Backup routers may exist in the cell in addition to the primary router.
However, they must not be active routers or act as routers in the cell.
Only one router may be acting as primary router in the cell.  In the case
of failure of the primary router one of the backup routers becomes active.
The purpose of backup routers are in case of failure of the primary router
to maintain working connections inside the cell and outside the cell and
to avoid netsplits.

Backup routers are normal servers in the cell that are prepared to take
over the tasks of the primary router if needed.  They need to have at
least one direct and active connection to the primary router of the cell.
This communication channel is used to send the router information to
the backup router.  When the backup router connects to the primary router
of the cell it MUST present itself as router server in the Connection
Authentication protocol, even though it is normal server as long as the
primary router is available.  Reason for this is that the configuration
needed in the responder end requires usually router connection level
configuration.  The responder, however must understand and treat the
connection as normal server (except when feeding router level data to
the backup router).

Backup router must know everything that the primary router knows to be
able to take over the tasks of the primary router.  It is the primary
router's responsibility to feed the data to the backup router.  If the
backup router does not know all the data in the case of failure some
connections may be lost.  The primary router of the cell must consider
the backup router being an actual router server when it feeds the data
to it.

In addition to having direct connection to the primary router of the
cell, the backup router must also have connection to the same router
to which the primary router of the cell is connected.  However, it must
not be the active router connection meaning that the backup router must
not use that channel as its primary route and it must not notify the
router about having connected servers, channels and clients behind it.
It merely connects to the router.  This sort of connection is later
referred to as being a passive connection.  Some keepalive actions may
be needed by the router to keep the connection alive.

It is required that other normal servers have passive connections to
the backup router(s) in the cell.  Some keepalive actions may be needed
by the server to keep the connection alive.  After they notice the
failure of the primary router they must start using the connection to
the first backup router as their primary route.

Also, if any other router in the network is using the cell's primary
router as its own primary router, it must also have passive connection
to the cell's backup router.  It too is prepared to switch to use the
backup router as its new primary router as soon as the original primary
router becomes unresponsive.

All of the parties of this protocol know which one is the backup router
of the cell from their local configuration.  Each of the entities must
be configured accordingly and care must be taken when configuring the
backup routers, servers and other routers in the network.

It must be noted that some of the channel messages and private messages
may be lost during the switch to the backup router.  The announcements
assure that the state of the network is not lost during the switch.

It is RECOMMENDED that there would be at least one backup router in
the cell.  It is NOT RECOMMENDED to have all servers in the cell acting
as backup routers as it requires establishing several connections to
several servers in the cell.  Large cells can easily have several
backup routers in the cell.

The order of the backup routers are decided at the local configuration
phase.  All the parties of this protocol must be configured accordingly to
understand the order of the backup routers.  It is not required that the
backup server is actually an active server in the cell.  The backup router
may be a redundant server in the cell that does not accept normal client
connections at all.  It may be reserved purely for the backup purposes.

If also the first backup router is down as well and there is another
backup router in the cell then it will start acting as the primary
router as described above.


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3.14.1 Switching to Backup Router

When the primary router of the cell becomes unresponsive, for example
by sending EOF to the connection, all the parties of this protocol MUST
replace the old connection to the primary router with first configured
backup router.  The backup router usually needs to do local modifications
to its database in order to update all the information needed to maintain
working routes.  The backup router must understand that clients that
were originated from the primary router are now originated from some of
the existing server connections and must update them accordingly.  It
must also remove those clients that were owned by the primary router
since those connections were lost when the primary router became
unresponsive.

All the other parties of the protocol must also update their local
database to understand that the route to the primary router will now go
to the backup router.

Servers connected to the backup router MUST send SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER
packet with type value 21, to indicate that the server will start using
the backup router as primary router.  The backup router MUST NOT allow
this action if it detects that primary is still up and running.  If
backup router knows that primary is up and running it MUST send
SILC_PACKET_FAILURE with type value 21 (4 bytes, MSB first order) back
to the server.  The server then MUST NOT use the backup as primary
router, but must try to establish connection back to the primary router.
If the action is allowed type value 21 is sent back to the server from
the backup router.  It is RECOMMENDED that implementations use the
SILC_COMMAND_PING command to detect whether primary router is responsive.

The servers connected to the backup router must then announce their
clients, channels, channel users, channel user modes, channel modes,
topics and other information to the backup router.  This is to assure
that none of the important notify packets were lost during the switch
to the backup router.  The backup router must check which of these
announced entities it already has and distribute the new ones to the
primary router.

The backup router too must announce its servers, clients, channels
and other information to the new primary router.  The primary router
of the backup router too must announce its information to the backup
router.  Both must process only the ones they do not know about.  If
any of the announced modes do not match then they are enforced in
normal manner as defined in section 4.2.1 Announcing Clients, Channels
and Servers.


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3.14.2 Resuming Primary Router

Usually the primary router is unresponsive only a short period of time
and it is intended that the original router of the cell will resume
its position as primary router when it comes back online.  The backup
router that is now acting as primary router of the cell must constantly
try to connect to the original primary router of the cell.  It is
RECOMMENDED that it would try to reconnect in 30 second intervals to
the primary router.

When the connection is established to the primary router the backup
resuming protocol is executed.  The protocol is advanced as follows:

  1. Backup router sends SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with type
     value 1 to the primary router that came back online.  The packet
     will indicate the primary router has been replaced by the backup
     router.  After sending the packet the backup router will announce
     all of its channels, channel users, modes etc. to the primary
     router.

     If the primary knows that it has not been replaced (for example
     the backup itself disconnected from the primary router and thinks
     that it is now primary in the cell) the primary router send
     SILC_PACKET_FAILURE with the type value 1 (4 bytes, MSB first
     order) back to the backup router.  If backup receives this it
     MUST NOT continue with the backup resuming protocol.

  2. Backup router sends SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with type
     value 1 to its current primary router to indicate that it will
     resign as being primary router.  Then, backup router sends the
     SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with type value 1 to all
     connected servers to also indicate that it will resign as being
     primary router.

  3. Backup router also send SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with
     type value 1 to the router that is using the backup router
     currently as its primary router.

  4. Any server and router that receives the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER
     with type value 1 must reconnect immediately to the primary
     router of the cell that came back online.  After they have created
     the connection they MUST NOT use that connection as active primary
     route but still route all packets to the backup router.  After
     the connection is created they MUST send SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER
     with type value 2 back to the backup router.  The session ID value
     found in the first packet MUST be set in this packet.

  5. Backup router MUST wait for all packets with type value 2 before
     it continues with the protocol.  It knows from the session ID values
     set in the packet when it has received all packets.  The session
     value should be different in all packets it has sent earlier.
     After the packets are received the backup router sends the
     SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with type value 3 to the
     primary router that came back online.  This packet will indicate
     that the backup router is now ready to resign as being primary
     router.  The session ID value in this packet MUST be the same as
     in the first packet sent to the primary router.  During this time
     the backup router must still route all packets it is receiving
     from server connections.

  6. The primary router receives the packet and send the packet
     SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER with type value 4 to all connected servers
     including the backup router.  It also sends the packet with type
     value 4 to its primary router, and to the router that is using
     it as its primary router.  The Session ID value in these packets
     SHOULD be zero (0).

  7. Any server and router that receives the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER
     packet with type value 4 must switch their primary route to the new
     primary router and remove the route for the backup router, since
     it is no longer the primary router of the cell.  They must also
     update their local database to understand that the clients are
     not originated from the backup router but from the locally connected
     servers.  After that they MUST announce their channels, channel
     users, modes etc. to the primary router.  They MUST NOT use the
     backup router connection after this and the connection is considered
     to be a passive connection.  The implementation SHOULD be able
     to disable the connection without closing the actual link.

After this protocol is executed the backup router is now again a normal
server in the cell that has the backup link to the primary router.  The
primary router feeds the router specific data again to the backup router.
All server connections to the backup router are considered passive
connections.

When the primary router of the cell comes back online and connects
to its remote primary router, the remote primary router MUST send the
SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet with type value 20 indicating that the
connection is not allowed since the router has been replaced by an
backup router in the cell.  The session ID value in this packet SHOULD be
zero (0).  When the primary router receives this packet it MUST NOT use
the connection as active connection but must understand that it cannot
act as primary router in the cell, until the backup resuming protocol has
been executed.

The following type values has been defined for SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER
packet:

  1    SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START
  2    SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START_CONNECTED
  3    SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START_ENDING
  4    SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START_RESUMED
  20   SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START_REPLACED
  21   SILC_SERVER_BACKUP_START_USE

If any other value is found in the type field the packet MUST be
discarded.  The SILC_PACKET_RESUME_ROUTER packet and its payload
is defined in [SILC2].


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4 SILC Procedures

This section describes various SILC procedures such as how the
connections are created and registered, how channels are created and
so on.  The references [SILC2], [SILC3] and [SILC4] permeate this
section's definitions.


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4.1 Creating Client Connection

This section describes the procedure when a client connects to SILC
server.  When client connects to server the server MUST perform IP
address lookup and reverse IP address lookup to assure that the origin
host really is who it claims to be.  Client, a host, connecting to server
SHOULD have both valid IP address and fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

After that the client and server performs SILC Key Exchange protocol
which will provide the key material used later in the communication.
The key exchange protocol MUST be completed successfully before the
connection registration may continue.  The SILC Key Exchange protocol
is described in [SILC3].

Typical server implementation would keep a list of connections that it
allows to connect to the server.  The implementation would check, for
example, the connecting client's IP address from the connection list
before the SILC Key Exchange protocol has been started.  The reason for
this is that if the host is not allowed to connect to the server there
is no reason to perform the key exchange protocol.

After successful key exchange protocol the client and server perform
connection authentication protocol.  The purpose of the protocol is to
authenticate the client connecting to the server.  Flexible
implementation could also accept the client to connect to the server
without explicit authentication.  However, if authentication is
desired for a specific client it may be based on passphrase or
public key authentication.  If authentication fails the connection
MUST be terminated.  The connection authentication protocol is described
in [SILC3].

After successful key exchange and authentication protocol the client
MUST register itself by sending SILC_PACKET_NEW_CLIENT packet to the
server.  This packet includes various information about the client
that the server uses to register the client.  Server registers the
client and sends SILC_PACKET_NEW_ID to the client which includes the
created Client ID that the client MUST start using after that.  After
that all SILC packets from the client MUST have the Client ID as the
Source ID in the SILC Packet Header, described in [SILC2].

Client MUST also get the server's Server ID that is to be used as
Destination ID in the SILC Packet Header when communicating with
the server (for example when sending commands to the server).  The
ID may be resolved in two ways.  Client can take the ID from an
previously received packet from server that MUST include the ID,
or to send SILC_COMMAND_INFO command and receive the Server ID as
command reply.

Server MAY choose not to use the information received in the
SILC_PACKET_NEW_CLIENT packet.  For example, if public key or
certificate were used in the authentication, server MAY use that
information rather than what it received from client.  This is a suitable
way to get the true information about client if it is available.

The nickname of client is initially set to the username sent in the
SILC_PACKET_NEW_CLIENT packet.  User may set the nickname to something
more desirable by sending SILC_COMMAND_NICK command.  However, this is
not required as part of registration process.

Server MUST also distribute the information about newly registered
client to its router (or if the server is router, to all routers in
the SILC network).  More information about this in [SILC2].

Router server MUST also check whether some client in the local cell
is watching for the nickname this new client has, and send the
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_WATCH to the watcher.




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4.2 Creating Server Connection

This section describes the procedure when server connects to its
router (or when router connects to other router, the cases are
equivalent).  The procedure is very much alike to when a client
connects to the server thus it is not repeated here.

One difference is that server MUST perform connection authentication
protocol with proper authentication.  A proper authentication is based
on passphrase authentication or public key authentication based on
digital signatures.

After server and router have successfully performed the key exchange
and connection authentication protocol, the server MUST register itself
to the router by sending SILC_PACKET_NEW_SERVER packet.  This packet
includes the server's Server ID that it has created by itself and
other relevant information about the server.  The router receiving the
ID MUST verify that the IP address in the Server ID is same as the
server's real IP address.

After router has received the SILC_PACKET_NEW_SERVER packet it
distributes the information about newly registered server to all routers
in the SILC network.  More information about this is in [SILC2].

As the client needed to resolve the destination ID this MUST be done by
the server that connected to the router, as well.  The way to resolve it
is to get the ID from previously received packet.  The server MAY also
use SILC_COMMAND_INFO command to resolve the ID.  Server MUST also start
using its own Server ID as Source ID in SILC Packet Header and the
router's Server ID as Destination when communicating with the router.


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4.2.1 Announcing Clients, Channels and Servers

After server or router has connected to the remote router, and it already
has connected clients and channels it MUST announce them to the router.
If the server is router server, also all the local servers in the cell
MUST be announced.

All clients are announced by compiling a list of ID Payloads into the
SILC_PACKET_NEW_ID packet.  All channels are announced by compiling a
list of Channel Payloads into the SILC_PACKET_NEW_CHANNEL packet.
Channels' mode, founder public key, channel public keys, and other
channel mode specific data is announced by sending the
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CMODE_CHANGE notify list.

The channel public keys that are announced are compiled in Argument
List Payload where the argument type is 0x03, and each argument is
Public Key Payload containing one public key or certificate.

Also, the channel users on the channels must be announced by compiling
a list of Notify Payloads with the SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_JOIN notify type
into the SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY packet.  The users' modes on the channel
must also be announced by compiling list of Notify Payloads with the
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CUMODE_CHANGE notify type into the SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY
packet.

The router MUST also announce the local servers by compiling list of
ID Payloads into the SILC_PACKET_NEW_ID packet.

Also, clients' modes (user modes in SILC) MUST be announced.  This is
done by compiling a list of Notify Payloads with SILC_NOTIFY_UMODE_CHANGE
notify type into the SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY packet.  Also, channels' topics
MUST be announced by compiling a list of Notify Payloads with the
SILC_NOTIFY_TOPIC_SET notify type into the SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY packet.
Also, channel's invite and ban lists MUST be announced by compiling list
of Notify Payloads with the SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_INVITE and
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_BAN notify types, respectively, into the
SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY packet.

The router which receives these lists MUST process them and broadcast
the packets to its primary router.  When processing the announced channels
and channel users the router MUST check whether a channel exists already
with the same name.  If channel exists with the same name it MUST check
whether the Channel ID is different.  If the Channel ID is different the
router MUST send the notify type SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CHANNEL_CHANGE to the
server to force the channel ID change to the ID the router has.  If the
mode of the channel is different the router MUST send the notify type
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CMODE_CHANGE to the server to force the mode change
to the mode that the router has.

The router MUST also generate new channel key and distribute it to the
channel.  The key MUST NOT be generated if the SILC_CMODE_PRIVKEY mode
is set.

If the channel has a channel founder already on the router, the router
MUST send the notify type SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CUMODE_CHANGE to the server
to force the mode change for the channel founder on the server.  The
channel founder privileges MUST be removed on the server.

If the channel public keys are already set on the on router, the router
MUST ignore the received channel public key list and send the notify
type SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_CUMODE_CHANGE to the server which includes the
channel public key list that is on router.  The server MUST change the
list to the one it receives from router.

The router processing the channels MUST also compile a list of
Notify Payloads with the SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_JOIN notify type into the
SILC_PACKET_NOTIFY and send the packet to the server.  This way the
server (or router) will receive the clients on the channel that
the router has.


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4.3 Joining to a Channel

This section describes the procedure when client joins to a channel.
Client joins to channel by sending command SILC_COMMAND_JOIN to the
server.  If the receiver receiving join command is normal server the
server MUST check its local list whether this channel already exists
locally.  This would indicate that some client connected to the server
has already joined to the channel.  If this is the case, the client is
joined to the channel, new channel key is created and information about
newly joined channel is sent to the router.  The router is informed
by sending SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_JOIN notify type.  The notify type MUST
also be sent to the local clients on the channel.  The new channel key
is also sent to the router and to local clients on the channel.

If the channel does not exist in the local list the client's command
MUST be sent to the router which will then perform the actual joining
procedure.  When server receives the reply to the command from the
router it MUST be sent to the client which sent the command originally.
Server will also receive the channel key from the server that it MUST
send to the client which originally requested the join command.  The
server MUST also save the channel key.

If the receiver of the join command is router it MUST first check its
local list whether anyone in the cell has already joined to the channel.
If this is the case, the client is joined to the channel and reply is
sent to the client.  If the command was sent by server the command reply
is sent to the server which sent it.  Then the router MUST also create
new channel key and distribute it to all clients on the channel and
all servers that have clients on the channel.  Router MUST also send
the SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_JOIN notify type to local clients on the channel
and to local servers that have clients on the channel.

If the channel does not exist on the router's local list it MUST
check the global list whether the channel exists at all.  If it does
the client is joined to the channel as described previously.  If
the channel does not exist the channel is created and the client
is joined to the channel.  The channel key is also created and
distributed as previously described.  The client joining to the created
channel is made automatically channel founder and both channel founder
and channel operator privileges are set for the client.

If the router created the channel in the process, information about the
new channel MUST be broadcast to all routers.  This is done by
broadcasting SILC_PACKET_NEW_CHANNEL packet to the router's primary
route.  When the router joins the client to the channel it MUST also
send information about newly joined client to all routers in the SILC
network.  This is done by broadcasting the SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_JOIN notify
type to the router's primary route.

It is important to note that new channel key is created always when
new client joins to channel, whether the channel has existed previously
or not.  This way the new client on the channel is not able to decrypt
any of the old traffic on the channel.  Client which receives the reply to
the join command MUST start using the received Channel ID in the channel
message communication thereafter.  Client also receives the key for the
channel in the command reply.  Note that the channel key is never
generated or distributed if the SILC_CMODE_PRIVKEY mode is set.


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4.4 Channel Key Generation

Channel keys are created by router which creates the channel by taking
enough randomness from cryptographically strong random number generator.
The key is generated always when channel is created, when new client
joins a channel and after the key has expired.  Key could expire for
example in an hour.

The key MUST also be re-generated whenever some client leaves a channel.
In this case the key is created from scratch by taking enough randomness
from the random number generator.  After that the key is distributed to
all clients on the channel.  However, channel keys are cell specific thus
the key is created only on the cell where the client, which left the
channel, exists.  While the server or router is creating the new channel
key, no other client may join to the channel.  Messages that are sent
while creating the new key are still processed with the old key.  After
server has sent the SILC_PACKET_CHANNEL_KEY packet client MUST start
using the new key.  If server creates the new key the server MUST also
send the new key to its router.  See [SILC2] for more information about
how channel messages must be encrypted and decrypted when router is
processing them.

If the key changes very often due to joining traffic on the channel it
is RECOMMENDED that client implementation would cache some of the old
channel keys for short period of time so that it is able to decrypt all
channel messages it receives.  It is possible that on a heavy traffic
channel a message encrypted with channel key that was just changed
is received by client after the new key was set into use.  This is
possible because not all clients may receive the new key at the same
time, and may still be sending messages encrypted with the old key.

When client receives the SILC_PACKET_CHANNEL_KEY packet with the
Channel Key Payload it MUST process the key data to create encryption
and decryption key, and to create the HMAC key that is used to compute
the MACs of the channel messages.  The processing is as follows:

  channel_key  = raw key data
  HMAC key     = hash(raw key data)

The raw key data is the key data received in the Channel Key Payload.
The hash() function is the hash function used in the HMAC of the channel.
Note that the server also MUST save the channel key.


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4.5 Private Message Sending and Reception

Private messages are sent point to point.  Client explicitly destine
a private message to specific client that is delivered to only to that
client.  No other client may receive the private message.  The receiver
of the private message is destined in the SILC Packet Header as in any
other packet as well.  The Source ID in the SILC Packet Header MUST be
the ID of the sender of the message.

If the sender of a private message does not know the receiver's Client
ID, it MUST resolve it from server.  There are two ways to resolve the
client ID from server; it is RECOMMENDED that client implementations
send SILC_COMMAND_IDENTIFY command to receive the Client ID.  Client
MAY also send SILC_COMMAND_WHOIS command to receive the Client ID.
If the sender has received earlier a private message from the receiver
it should have cached the Client ID from the SILC Packet Header.

If server receives a private message packet which includes invalid
destination Client ID the server MUST send SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_ERROR
notify to the client with error status indicating that such Client ID
does not exist.

See [SILC2] for description of private message encryption and decryption
process.


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4.6 Private Message Key Generation

Private message MAY be protected with a key generated by the client.
One way to generate private message key is to use static or pre-shared
keys in the client implementation.  Client that wants to indicate other
client on the network that a private message key should be set, the
client MAY send SILC_PACKET_PRIVATE_MESSAGE_KEY packet to indicate this.
The actual key material has to be transferred outside the SILC network,
or it has to be pre-shared key.  The client receiving this packet knows
that the sender wishes to use private message key in private message
communication.  In case of static or pre-shared keys the IV used in
the encryption SHOULD be chosen randomly.  Sending the
SILC_PACKET_PRIVATE_MESSAGE_KEY is not mandatory, and clients may
naturally agree to use a key without sending the packet.

Another choice to use private message keys is to negotiate fresh key
material by performing the Key Agreement.  The SILC_PACKET_KEY_AGREEMENT
packet MAY be used to negotiate the fresh key material.  In this case
the resulting key material is used to secure the private messages.
Also, the IV used in encryption is used as defined in [SILC3], unless
otherwise stated by the encryption mode used.  By performing Key
Agreement the clients can also negotiate the cipher and HMAC to be used
in the private message encryption and to negotiate additional security
parameters.  The actual Key Agreement [SILC2] is performed by executing
the SILC Key Exchange protocol [SILC3], peer to peer.  Because of NAT
devices in the network, it might be impossible to perform the Key
Agreement.  In this case using static or pre-shared key and sending the
SILC_PACKET_PRIVATE_MESSAGE_KEY to indicate the use of a private message
key is a working alternative.

If the key is pre-shared key or other key material not generated by
Key Agreement, then the key material SHOULD be processed as defined
in [SILC3].  In the processing, however, the HASH, as defined in [SILC3]
MUST be ignored.  After processing the key material it is employed as
defined in [SILC3].  If the SILC_PACKET_PRIVATE_MESSAGE_KEY was sent,
then it defines the cipher and HMAC to be used.  The hash algorithm to be
used in the key material processing is the one that HMAC algorithm is
defined to use.  If the SILC_PACKET_PRIVATE_MESSAGE_KEY was not sent at
all, then the hash algorithm to be used SHOULD be SHA1.  In this case
also, implementations SHOULD use the SILC protocol's mandatory cipher
and HMAC in private message encryption.


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4.7 Channel Message Sending and Reception

Channel messages are delivered to a group of users.  The group forms a
channel and all clients on the channel receives messages sent to the
channel.  The Source ID in the SILC Packet Header MUST be the ID
of the sender of the message.

Channel messages are destined to a channel by specifying the Channel ID
as Destination ID in the SILC Packet Header.  The server MUST then
distribute the message to all clients, except to the original sender,
on the channel by sending the channel message destined explicitly to a
client on the channel.  However, the Destination ID MUST still remain
as the Channel ID.

If server receives a channel message packet which includes invalid
destination Channel ID the server MUST send SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_ERROR
notify to the sender with error status indicating that such Channel ID
does not exist.

See the [SILC2] for description of channel message routing for router
servers, and channel message encryption and decryption process.


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4.8 Session Key Regeneration

Session keys MUST be regenerated periodically, say, once in an hour.
The re-key process is started by sending SILC_PACKET_REKEY packet to
other end, to indicate that re-key must be performed.  The initiator
of the connection SHOULD initiate the re-key.

If perfect forward secrecy (PFS) flag was selected in the SILC Key
Exchange protocol [SILC3] the re-key MUST cause new key exchange with
SKE protocol.  In this case the protocol is secured with the old key
and the protocol results to new key material.  See [SILC3] for more
information.  After the SILC_PACKET_REKEY packet is sent the sender
will perform the SKE protocol.

If PFS flag was set the resulted key material is processed as described
in the section Processing the Key Material in [SILC3].  The difference
with re-key in the processing is that the initial data for the hash
function is just the resulted key material and not the HASH as it
is not computed at all with re-key.  Other than that, the key processing
it equivalent to normal SKE negotiation.

If PFS flag was not set, which is the default case, then re-key is done
without executing SKE protocol.  In this case, the new key is created by
providing the current sending encryption key to the SKE protocol's key
processing function.  The process is described in the section Processing
the Key Material in [SILC3].  The difference in the processing is that
the initial data for the hash function is the current sending encryption
key and not the SKE's KEY and HASH values.  Other than that, the key
processing is equivalent to normal SKE negotiation.

After both parties have regenerated the session key, both MUST send
SILC_PACKET_REKEY_DONE packet to each other.  These packets are still
secured with the old key.  After these packets, the subsequent packets
MUST be protected with the new key.


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4.9 Command Sending and Reception

Client usually sends the commands in the SILC network.  In this case
the client simply sends the command packet to server and the server
processes it and replies with command reply packet.  See the [SILC4]
for detailed description of all commands.

However, if the server is not able to process the command, it is sent to
the server's router.  This is case for example with commands such as
SILC_COMMAND_JOIN and SILC_COMMAND_WHOIS commands.  However, there are
other commands as well [SILC4].  For example, if client sends the WHOIS
command requesting specific information about some client the server must
send the WHOIS command to router so that all clients in SILC network are
searched.  The router, on the other hand, sends the WHOIS command further
to receive the exact information about the requested client.  The WHOIS
command travels all the way to the server which owns the client and it
replies with command reply packet.  Finally, the server which sent the
command receives the command reply and it must be able to determine which
client sent the original command.  The server then sends command reply to
the client.  Implementations should have some kind of cache to handle, for
example, WHOIS information.  Servers and routers along the route could all
cache the information for faster referencing in the future.

The commands sent by server may be sent hop by hop until someone is able
to process the command.  However, it is preferred to destine the command
as precisely as it is possible.  In this case, other routers en route
MUST route the command packet by checking the true sender and true
destination of the packet.  However, servers and routers MUST NOT route
command reply packets to clients coming from other servers.  Client
MUST NOT accept command reply packet originated from anyone else but
from its own server.


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4.10 Closing Connection

When remote client connection is closed the server MUST send the notify
type SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_SIGNOFF to its primary router and to all channels
the client was joined.  The server MUST also save the client's information
for a period of time for history purposes.

When remote server or router connection is closed the server or router
MUST also remove all the clients that was behind the server or router
from the SILC Network.  The server or router MUST also send the notify
type SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_SERVER_SIGNOFF to its primary router and to all
local clients that are joined on the same channels with the remote
server's or router's clients.

Router server MUST also check whether some client in the local cell
is watching for the nickname this client has, and send the
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_WATCH to the watcher, unless the client which left
the network has the SILC_UMODE_REJECT_WATCHING user mode set.


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4.11 Detaching and Resuming a Session

SILC protocol provides a possibility for a client to detach itself from
the network without actually signing off from the network.  The client
connection to the server is closed but the client remains as valid client
in the network.  The client may then later resume its session back from
any server in the network.

When client wishes to detach from the network it MUST send the
SILC_COMMAND_DETACH command to its server.  The server then MUST set
SILC_UMODE_DETACHED mode to the client and send SILC_NOTIFY_UMODE_CHANGE
notify to its primary router, which then MUST broadcast it further
to other routers in the network.  This user mode indicates that the
client is detached from the network.  Implementations MUST NOT use
the SILC_UMODE_DETACHED flag to determine whether a packet can be sent
to the client.  All packets MUST still be sent to the client even if
client is detached from the network.  Only the server that originally
had the active client connection is able to make the decision after it
notices that the network connection is not active.  In this case the
default case is to discard the packet.

The SILC_UMODE_DETACHED flag cannot be set by client itself directly
with SILC_COMMAND_UMODE command, but only implicitly by sending the
SILC_COMMAND_DETACH command.  The flag also cannot be unset by the
client, server or router with SILC_COMMAND_UMODE command, but only
implicitly by sending and receiving the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT
packet.

When the client wishes to resume its session in the SILC Network it
connects to a server in the network, which MAY also be a different
from the original server, and performs normal procedures regarding
creating a connection as described in section 4.1.  After the SKE
and the Connection Authentication protocols has been successfully
completed the client MUST NOT send SILC_PACKET_NEW_CLIENT packet, but
MUST send SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT packet.  This packet is used to
perform the resuming procedure.  The packet MUST include the detached
client's Client ID, which the client must know.  It also includes
Authentication Payload which includes signature computed with the
client's private key.  The signature is computed as defined in the
section 3.9.1.  Thus, the authentication method MUST be based in
public key authentication.

When server receive the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT packet it MUST
do the following:  Server checks that the Client ID is valid client
and that it has the SILC_UMODE_DETACHED mode set.  Then it verifies
the Authentication Payload with the detached client's public key.
If it does not have the public key it retrieves it by sending
SILC_COMMAND_GETKEY command to the server that has the public key from
the original client connection.  The server MUST NOT use the public
key received in the SKE protocol for this connection.  If the
signature is valid the server unsets the SILC_UMODE_DETACHED flag,
and sends the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT packet to its primary router.
The routers MUST broadcast the packet and unset the SILC_UMODE_DETACHED
flag when the packet is received.  If the server is router server it
also MUST send the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT packet to the original
server whom owned the detached client.

The servers and routers that receives the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT
packet MUST know whether the packet already has been received for
the client.  It is a protocol error to attempt to resume the client
session from more than one server.  The implementations could set
internal flag that indicates that the client is resumed.  If router
receive SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT packet for client that is already
resumed the client MUST be killed from the network.  This would
indicate that the client is attempting to resume the session more
than once which is a protocol error.  In this case the router sends
SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_KILLED to the client.  All routers that detect
the same situation MUST also send the notify for the client.

The servers and routers that receive the SILC_PACKET_RESUME_CLIENT
must also understand that the client may not be found behind the
same server that it originally came from.  They must update their
caches according to this.  The server that now owns the client session
MUST check whether the Client ID of the resumed client is based
on the server's Server ID.  If it is not it creates a new Client
ID and send SILC_NOTIFY_TYPE_NICK_CHANGE to the network.  It MUST
also send the channel keys of all channels that the client has
joined to the client since it does not have them.  Whether the
Client ID was changed or not the server MUST send SILC_PACKET_NEW_ID
packet to the client.  Only after this is the client resumed back
to the network and may start sending packets and messages.

It is also possible that the server did not know about the global
channels before the client resumed.  In this case it joins the client
to the channels, generates new channel keys and distributes the keys
to the channels as described in section 4.4.

It is an implementation issue for how long servers keep detached client
sessions.  It is RECOMMENDED that the detached sessions would be
persistent as long as the server is running.


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5 Security Considerations

Security is central to the design of this protocol, and these security
considerations permeate the specification.  Common security considerations
such as keeping private keys truly private and using adequate lengths for
symmetric and asymmetric keys must be followed in order to maintain the
security of this protocol.

Special attention must also be paid to the servers and routers that are
running the SILC service.  The SILC protocol's security depends greatly
on the security and the integrity of the servers and administrators that
are running the service.  It is recommended that some form of registration
is required by the server and router administrator prior to acceptance to
the SILC Network.  Even though the SILC protocol is secure in a network
of mutual distrust between clients, servers, routers and administrators
of the servers, the client should be able to trust the servers they are
using if they wish to do so.

It however must be noted that if the client requires absolute security
by not trusting any of the servers or routers in the SILC Network, it can
be accomplished by negotiating private keys outside the SILC Network,
either using SKE or some other key exchange protocol, or to use some
other external means for distributing the keys.  This applies for all
messages, private messages and channel messages.

It is important to note that SILC, like any other security protocol, is
not a foolproof system; the SILC servers and routers could very well be
compromised.  However, to provide an acceptable level of security and
usability for end users, the protocol uses many times session keys or
other keys generated by the servers to secure the messages.  This is an
intentional design feature to allow ease of use for end users.  This way
the network is still usable, and remains encrypted even if the external
means of distributing the keys is not working.  The implementation,
however, may like to not follow this design feature, and may always
negotiate the keys outside SILC network.  This is an acceptable solution
and many times recommended.  The implementation still must be able to
work with the server generated keys.

If this is unacceptable for the client or end user, the private keys
negotiated outside the SILC Network should always be used.  In the end
it is the implementor's choice whether to negotiate private keys by
default or whether to use the keys generated by the servers.

It is also recommended that router operators in the SILC Network would
form a joint forum to discuss the router and SILC Network management
issues.  Also, router operators along with the cell's server operators
should have a forum to discuss the cell management issues.


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6 References

[SILC2]      Riikonen, P., "SILC Packet Protocol", Internet Draft,
             May 2002.

[SILC3]      Riikonen, P., "SILC Key Exchange and Authentication
             Protocols", Internet Draft, May 2002.

[SILC4]      Riikonen, P., "SILC Commands", Internet Draft, May 2002.

[IRC]        Oikarinen, J., and Reed D., "Internet Relay Chat Protocol",
             RFC 1459, May 1993.

[IRC-ARCH]   Kalt, C., "Internet Relay Chat: Architecture", RFC 2810,
             April 2000.

[IRC-CHAN]   Kalt, C., "Internet Relay Chat: Channel Management", RFC
             2811, April 2000.

[IRC-CLIENT] Kalt, C., "Internet Relay Chat: Client Protocol", RFC
             2812, April 2000.

[IRC-SERVER] Kalt, C., "Internet Relay Chat: Server Protocol", RFC
             2813, April 2000.

[SSH-TRANS]  Ylonen, T., et al, "SSH Transport Layer Protocol",
             Internet Draft.

[PGP]        Callas, J., et al, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 2440,
             November 1998.

[SPKI]       Ellison C., et al, "SPKI Certificate Theory", RFC 2693,
             September 1999.

[PKIX-Part1] Housley, R., et al, "Internet X.509 Public Key
             Infrastructure, Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459,
             January 1999.

[Schneier]   Schneier, B., "Applied Cryptography Second Edition",
             John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1996.

[Menezes]    Menezes, A., et al, "Handbook of Applied Cryptography",
             CRC Press 1997.

[OAKLEY]     Orman, H., "The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol",
             RFC 2412, November 1998.

[ISAKMP]     Maughan D., et al, "Internet Security Association and
             Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)", RFC 2408, November
             1998.

[IKE]        Harkins D., and Carrel D., "The Internet Key Exchange
             (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.

[HMAC]       Krawczyk, H., "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message
             Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.

[PKCS1]      Kalinski, B., and Staddon, J., "PKCS #1 RSA Cryptography
             Specifications, Version 2.0", RFC 2437, October 1998.

[RFC2119]    Bradner, S., "Key Words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC3629]    Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
             10646", RFC 3629, November 2003.

[RFC1321]    Rivest R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
             April 1992.

[RFC3174]    Eastlake, F., et al., "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)",
             RFC 3174, September 2001.

[PKCS7]      Kalinski, B., "PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message Syntax,
             Version 1.5", RFC 2315, March 1998.

[RFC2253]    Wahl, M., et al., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
             (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names",
             RFC 2253, December 1997.

[RFC3454]    Hoffman, P., et al., "Preparation of Internationalized
             Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454, December 2002.


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7 Author's Address

.nf
Pekka Riikonen
Snellmaninkatu 34 A 15
70100 Kuopio
Finland

EMail: priikone@iki.fi


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Appendix A

This appendix defines the stringprep [RFC3454] profile for string
identifiers in SILC protocol.  Compliant implementation MUST use this
profile to prepare the identifier strings in the SILC protocol.  The
profile defines the following as required by [RFC3454].

- Intended applicability of the profile:  the following identifiers in
  the SILC Protocol;  nicknames, channel names, usernames, server names,
  hostnames, service names, algorithm names and other security property
  names [SILC3], and SILC Public Key name.

- The character repertoire that is the input and output to
  stringprep:  Unicode 3.2 with the list of unassigned code points
  being the Table A.1, as defined in [RFC3454].

- The mapping tables used:  the following tables are used, in order,
  as defined in [RFC3454].

    Table B.1
    Table B.2

  The mandatory case folding is done using the Table B.2 which includes
  the characters for the normalization form KC.

- The Unicode normalization used:  the Unicode normalization form
  KC is used, as defined in [RFC3454].

- The prohibited characters as output:  the following tables are used
  to prohibit characters, as defined in [RFC3454];

    Table C.1.1
    Table C.1.2
    Table C.2.1
    Table C.2.2
    Table C.3
    Table C.4
    Table C.5
    Table C.6
    Table C.7
    Table C.8
    Table C.9

- Additional prohibited characters as output:  in addition, the following
  tables are used to prohibit characters, as defined in this document;

    Appendix B

- The bidirectional string testing used:  bidirectional string testing
  is ignored in this profile.

This profile is to be maintained in the IANA registry for stringprep
profiles.  The name of this profile is "silc-identifier-prep" and this
document defines the profile.  This document defines the first version of
this profile.


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Appendix B

This appendix defines additional prohibited characters in the identifier
strings as defined in the stringprep profile in Appendix A.  Note that
the prohibited character tables listed in the Appendix A may include some
of the same characters listed in this appendix as well.

Reserved US-ASCII characters
0021 002A 002C 003F 0040

Symbol characters and other symbol like characters
00A2-00A9 00AC 00AE 00AF 00B0 00B1 00B4 00B6 00B8 00D7 00F7
02C2-02C5 02D2-02FF 0374 0375 0384 0385 03F6 0482 060E 060F
06E9 06FD 06FE 09F2 09F3 09FA 0AF1 0B70 0BF3-0BFA 0E3F
0F01-0F03 0F13-0F17 0F1A-0F1F 0F34 0F36 0F38 0FBE 0FBF
0FC0-0FC5 0FC7-0FCF 17DB 1940 19E0-19FF 1FBD 1FBF-1FC1
1FCD-1FCF 1FDD-1FDF 1FED-1FEF 1FFD 1FFE 2044 2052 207A-207C
208A-208C 20A0-20B1 2100-214F 2150-218F 2190-21FF 2200-22FF
2300-23FF 2400-243F 2440-245F 2460-24FF 2500-257F 2580-259F
25A0-25FF 2600-26FF 2700-27BF 27C0-27EF 27F0-27FF 2800-28FF
2900-297F 2980-29FF 2A00-2AFF 2B00-2BFF 2E9A 2EF4-2EFF
2FF0-2FFF 303B-303D 3040 3095-3098 309F-30A0 30FF-3104
312D-3130 318F 31B8-31FF 321D-321F 3244-325F 327C-327E
32B1-32BF 32CC-32CF 32FF 3377-337A 33DE-33DF 33FF 4DB6-4DFF
9FA6-9FFF A48D-A48F A4A2-A4A3 A4B4 A4C1 A4C5 A4C7-ABFF
D7A4-D7FF FA2E-FAFF FFE0-FFEE FFFC 10000-1007F 10080-100FF
10100-1013F 1D000-1D0FF 1D100-1D1FF 1D300-1D35F 1D400-1D7FF

Other characters
E0100-E01EF


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